What's 'ASCII' ????

ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Computers can only understand numbers, so an ASCII code is the numerical representation of a character such as 'a' or '@' or an action of some sort. ASCII was developed a long time ago and now the non-printing characters are rarely used for their original purpose. Below is the ASCII character table and this includes descriptions of the first 32 non-printing characters. ASCII was actually designed for use with teletypes and so the descriptions are somewhat obscure. If someone says they want your CV however in ASCII format, all this means is they want 'plain' text with no formatting such as tabs, bold or underscoring - the raw format that any computer can understand. This is usually so they can easily import the file into their own applications without issues. Notepad.exe creates ASCII text, or in MS Word you can save a file as 'text only'.

Evolution Of Intel

INTEL SERIES 4004 

1.  The first commercially available Microprocessor was the Intel 4004 produced in 1971. •
2.  It contained 2300 PMOS transistors. • 
3. The 4004 was a 4 bit device intended to be used with some other devices in making a calculator. 
4. In 1972 Intel came out with the 8008,which was capable of working with 8 bit words.

8008 

• The 8008, however required 20 or more additional devices to form a functional CPU.  
• In 1974 Intel announced the 8080, which had a much larger instruction set than the 8008 and required only two additional devices to form a functional CPU. 
• The 8080 used NMOS transistor, so it operated much faster than the 8008  
• The 8080 is referred as a Second generation Microprocessor. 
• It requires +5V,-5V and +12V supply.

 8085 

•  In 1977, Intel Produced 8085, an upgrade of 8080 that required only a +5V supply 
•  It was a 8 bit Microprocessor

8088 

• Intel Produced 8088, which was the first Microprocessor used in Personal computer by IBM. 
• It has 16 bit registers and an 8 bit data bus and can address up to 1 million bytes of internal memory. 

8086 

•  In 1978 Intel came out with the 8086 which is a full 16 bit Microprocessor. 
•  It has a 16 bit data bus and runs faster. 
•  It can address 220 or 1048576 memory locations.

80286 

• Runs faster than the preceding processors, has additional capabilities and can address up to 16 million bytes.
• This processor can operate in real mode or in protected mode, which enables an operating system like windows to perform multitasking and to protect them from each other.

80386 

• Has 32 bit registers and 32bit data bus. 
• It can address up to 4 billion bytes of memory. 
•  The processor supports virtual mode, whereby it can swap portions of memory onto disk. 

80486 

• Has 32 bit registers and 32 bit data bus. 
• High speed cache memory connected to the processor bus enables the processor to store copies of the most recently used instructions and data. 
• The processor can operate faster when using the cache directly without having to access the slower memory.

PENTIUM 

• It has 32 bit registers, a 64 bit data bus and separate caches for data and for memory. 
• The Pentium has a 5 Stage pipelined structure and the Pentium II has a 12 stage super pipelined structure. This feature enables them to run many operations in parallel.

Micro Controller

MICRO CONTROLLER

• Single-chip Microcomputers are also known as Micro controllers. 
• They are used primarily to perform dedicated functions. 
• They are used primarily to perform dedicated functions or as slaves in distributed processing.
• Generally they include all the essential elements of a computer on a single chip: MPU,R/W memory, ROM and I/O lines. 
• Typical examples of the single-chip microcomputers are the Intel 8051, AT89C51, AT89C52 and Zilog Z8. 
•  Most of the micro controllers have an 8-bit word size, at least 64 bytes of R/W memory, and 1K byte of ROM 
• I/O lines varies from 16 to 40

  

  Microcontroller

Introduction To Microprocessor

MICROPROCESSOR - A Quick Overview 

1.  A Microprocessor is a multipurpose, Programmable clock-driven, register based electronic device that read binary instruction from a storage device called memory, accepts binary data as input and processes data according to those instructions and provides results as outputs.
2.  A Microprocessor is a clock driven semiconductor device consisting of electronic circuits manufactured by using either a LSI or VLSI technique. 
3. A typical programmable machine can be represented with three components : MPU,Memory and I/O as shown in Figure.

• These three components work together or interact with each other to perform a given task; thus they comprise a system 
•  The machine (system) represented in above figure can be programmed to turn traffic lights on and off, compute mathematical functions, or keep trace of guidance system. 
•  This system may be simple or sophisticated, depending on its applications.  
• The MPU applications are classified primarily in two categories : reprogrammable systems and embedded systems 
•  In re-programmable systems, such as Microcomputers, the MPU is used for computing and data processing